Tanzania Journal of Science (TJS) is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics. All authors are expected to submit only original works that have not been previously published and are not under consideration elsewhere. To safeguard the academic integrity of the journal, all submitted manuscripts are checked using Turnitin or equivalent plagiarism detection software to identify any form of plagiarism. Manuscripts found to contain plagiarised content or that violate publication ethics will be rejected outright. If such violations are discovered after publication, TJS reserves the right to retract the article. Authors must ensure they have obtained appropriate permissions to reproduce any material not owned by them, and proper acknowledgements must be included in both print and electronic formats. TJS takes publication misconduct seriously and follows international guidelines to prevent and address issues such as data fabrication, duplicate publication, and unethical research practices.