Chief Editor:

Prof. Thomas J. Lyimo

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35065 Dar es Salaam – Tanzania; Telephone: +255 22 2410129 Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Associate Chief Editor:

Dr. Egbert Mujuni, Associate Chief Editor-Mathematics and Computational Sciences Section, Department of Mathematics, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Dr. Paul T.S. Limbu, Associate Chief Editor-Physical Sciences Section, Department of Physics, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Dr. Anitha Byabato Philbert, Associate Chief Editor-Biological Sciences Section, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Email: [email protected]

Deputy Associate Chief Editor:

Dr. Cassy M. Kisanga, Department of Geosciences, School of Mines and Geosciences (SoMG), University of Dar es Salaam, Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Technical Editor:

Dr. Clarence A. Mgina, Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences (CoNAS), University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35061 Dar es Salaam, Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Deputy Technical Editor:

Mr. Omari Hamisi Juma, Department of Physics, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Email: [email protected], [email protected], Phone number: +255 625 609 400

Internal Editors:

Dr. Joseph Y. N. Philip, Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Dr. Lwitiko P. Mwakyusa, Department of Physics, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Dr. Hashim M. Mangosongo, Department of Botany, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Dr. Jasson John, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Email: [email protected]

Dr. Idrissa Amour, Department of Mathematics, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Prof. Samwel V. Manyele, Chemical and Processing Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Dr. Makungu James Ng'oga, Department of Mathematics, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Email: [email protected]

Dr. Cyprian Mpinda, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Email: [email protected]

External Editors:

Prof. Christopher M. Maghanga, School of Science, Engineering & Technology, Kabarak University, P.O. Private Bag Kabarak - 20157, Nakuru, Kenya, Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Prof. Stanford Shateyi, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences
University of Venda, South Africa, Email: [email protected]

Dr. Paul Okullo, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Nabuin Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 132 Moroto, [email protected]

Prof. Rufus Sha'Ato, Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Pmb 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, [email protected]

International Advisory Board:

Prof. Malik Maaza, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, P. O. Box 722, Somerset 7129, South Africa, Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Prof. Overtoun Jenda, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Auburn University, United States of America, Email: [email protected]

Prof. Norbert J. Cordeiro, Department of Biological, Physical and Health Sciences (Mc WB 814), Roosevelt University, 430 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60605, USA & Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605 USA . Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Prof. Weston F. Mwase, Department of Forestry & Horticulture, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bunda Campus, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi; Email: [email protected]

Dr. Zeinab Shirvani, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Urban Planning and Environment, Geoinformatics, TEKNIKRINGEN 10A, 10044 STOCKHOLM, Email: [email protected]

Prof. Neil John Coville, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, [email protected]