Genetically Modified Crops in Africa: Evidence on Adoption, Economic Benefits, Environmental Effects, and Constraints

Authors

• Aloyce Hepelwa, University of Dar es SalaamFollow
• Innocensia John, University of Dar es SalaamFollow

Abstract

Africa faces deep food insecurity with over 300 million undernourished people driven by, low agricultural productivity, and climate shocks. To enhance food production and sustainable development, there is potential seen in genetically modified (GM) crops. To explore the potential of GM crops, this paper examines their production, adoption, economic and environmental impacts, adoption barriers, and policy implications in Africa and globally. This is done using a structured narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, reports, and policy documents (2014–2024) sourced from different databases complemented by stakeholder consultations. The findings show that GM has expanded considerably worldwide driven by high productivity, reduced pesticide use, lower production costs, and improved profitability, yet remains limited in Africa. Key constraints identified include restrictive regulations, public health and environmental concerns, high seed costs and dependency, intellectual property issues, and inadequate local evidence. Some identified benefits include reduced soil disturbance, lower carbon emissions, and improved soil health. Improving biosafety systems, local research investment, and evidence-based policy could advance agricultural transformation and food security in Africa.

Recommended Citation

Hepelwa, Aloyce and John, Innocensia (2025) "Genetically Modified Crops in Africa: Evidence on Adoption, Economic Benefits, Environmental Effects, and Constraints," Tanzanian Economic Review: Vol. 15: Iss. 2, Article 5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.65085/2507-7740/1000
Available at: https://commons.udsm.ac.tz/ter/vol15/iss2/5